Community Counseling about the Proper Ways of Disposing of Medical Masks.
Richard Christian Suteja1, I Komang Hotra Adiputra1, Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi2, Kadek Diana Harmayani3, Ni Made Susilawathi4, Jerry1, Putu Kintan Wulandari1, I Gede Purna Weisnawa5, Giovanca Verentzia Purnama1, Darren Junior6, Dewa Ayu Fony Prema Shanti6
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2023.1706
Volume 11, Number 2: 150-153
Received 20 09 2023; Rev-request 25 01 2023; Rev-request 20 04 2023; Rev-recd 28 01 2022; Rev-recd 25 04 2023; Accepted 20 05 2023
Impacting the community does not always mean creating exponential growth, it can also mean bringing small and sustainable changes to improve people's quality of life. Living in a developing country, we had a first-hand experience of seeing life in underprivileged communities. This experience expanded our desire to serve communities around us. However, due to the emergence of COVID-19 in Indonesia, most of the plans to contribute to our community were halted. Strict outbreak control measures, which restricted people's mobility, prohibited visits to these underprivileged communities.
The situation within Indonesia went awry during the within the first two years of the pandemic. However there were improvements in 2022. As a group of medical students, we were given a chance to organize a community service in collaboration with faculty members and hospital authorities in September 2022. As a part of the service, we were trusted to provide community counseling regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and how to dispose of used medical masks safely (Figure 1).
Figure 1.Community Counseling about the Proper Ways of Disposing of Medical Masks.
We were inspired to educate on this topic after observing heaps of used masks piling up at the side of beaches we visited. Disposable surgical masks are commonly made of polypropylene arranged into three layers. Each layer serves a different function, restricting the transmission of small particles and pathogens from both directions.1 Increasing numbers of medical masks at the household level observed during recent years meant a global increase in the production of plastic waste. While wearing a mask is very crucial for health protection, these masks may pollute the environment physically and biologically, thus minimizing the effects of health protection plans. These masks could contain sufficient pathogens capable of infecting susceptible hosts. If this waste is not discarded appropriately, cross-contamination to scavengers (both humans and animals) in landfills may occur,2 perpetuating a never-ending chain of infection in the environment. Post-landfill, leachate may flow to nearby or even further areas, spreading COVID-19 through fomites while also being a threat to marine environment.3,4 Apart from the risks of infection, the polypropylene in face masks will eventually disintegrate into smaller micro- and nanoplastics which are genotoxic and cytotoxic to terrestrial and aquatic species.5 The microfibers that are broken down from face masks may enter soil and water as leachable compounds, thus polluting human food chain in the ecosystem. Furthermore, it was found that direct disposal of masks into aquatic environment would release more microfibers, which might aggravate threats to the aquatic ecosystem.5,6
In addition to microfibers, certain types of masks which contain a nose wire made from metals were also found to produce heavy metal substances, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). These substances could cause toxicological effects to the environment and especially to human health, such as carcinogenic effects, kidney and neurological damage, asthma, or even death. Even if the masks were to be incinerated instead of direct disposal, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are produced should be considered since some of them are hazardous in nature.5
The management of medical mask waste can be divided into upstream and downstream management. The focuses of upstream management include mass education and strict community monitoring to maximize household-based waste management. This process includes sorting out infectious waste from other organic and inorganic waste and decontamination via heating or disinfectant baths. Keeping this infectious waste dry is crucial to prevent leachate.7 Proper labeling and categorization will help garbage collectors identify which waste must be treated separately.7 Downstream management focuses on the formulation of a novel system and readjustments of existing operational protocols regarding these kinds of infectious waste to countermeasure rapid fomite spreading of the pathogen. These include specific scheduled pickup times, specialized waste management areas, chemical valorization, and physical valorization.7,8
Specialized areas for the management of personal protective equipment (PPE) waste should be assigned, where every waste being disposed of must first be disinfected to avoid the possibility of cross contamination towards workers within the area.7 Temporary and proper storage of the disposed masks could act as a conventional method of disinfection since studies have reported that viruses can only survive up to 9 days depending on several factors. The installations of developed mobile and on-site disinfection units to further reinforce the disinfection process should also be considered by the government. Regarding chemical valorization, the method of incinerating masks is not recommended due to the toxic compounds it produces in the process. Several alternatives have been discovered and should be considered by developing countries. These alternatives include pyrolysis, which is an environment-friendly process of converting solid plastic waste into liquid fuel, and carbonization, which is an energy-saving process of converting polymer waste into different valuable carbon materials.8 As for physical valorization, developing countries could benefit from integrating plastic fibers of masks waste into building materials. Several researchers have shown that the addition of mask fibers could improve the strength and endurance of asphalt, pavement, and even concrete.8,9
As an alternative, sterilizing face masks for reuse through heating is proven to be effective in killing pathogens and results in minimal reduction in particle filtration efficiency (PFE).10,11 However, even though this solution is environment-friendly, standardization and ethical concerns may be an issue. Moreover, this solution would drive up the costs of masks as special and calibrated equipment is required. This may exacerbate the health inequity gap in underprivileged or overcrowded communities. As for the ethical issues, this may include the possibility of mask reuse by different people. Therefore, governments usually opt to appeal to the public to disfigure medical masks before disposal to prevent misuse by unwanted parties.
All things considered, we were required to think holistically and to act based on public health by educating the community about the potential harm of improper handling of medical waste. Putting our theoretical knowledge into action, we learned to apply a lot of skills and 'practical' knowledge we obtained from our lectures and textbooks. We learned to act based on our scope and capacity, educating the upstream while trying to gain attention from authorities regulating the downstream processes.
The activity by itself was heartwarming. We had the opportunity to converse with people who were part of the local Family Welfare Movement. They raised their concern, later urging us to speak with local trash regulators out of concern that the trash-collecting regulations from the authorities might not have supported this movement. Faculties and hospital authorities also sponsored our activity, which was shown by the handover of labeled trash cans (Figure 2). Afterwards, news of our action was spread through social media. We were then invited to speak at a local radio station to provide the same presentation and moral message as we had previously given, but this time in front of a larger audience (Figure 3). We also uploaded an original animated video to YouTube, which is watchable at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boV28Pf8tz0, to help the younger portion of our community understand the steps to dispose of medical waste safely. Again, through small and sustainable changes, we can also bring about an impact in the community and improve the people's quality of life.
Figure 2.Symbolic Handover of Labeled Trash Cans by Faculty Members and Hospital Authorities to Local Representatives.
Invitation to Speak at a Local Radio Station about Proper Disposal of Medical Masks.
This was a wonderful experience for the community and us. Not only did we spread awareness about the physical harm that improper handling of medical waste may have brought, but we also helped our community and children strive for a greener future. These small actions bring sustainable impact in our community. Now is not the time for medical students to be impractical intellectuals, but it is time for them to understand theoretical knowledge holistically, to process real-life issues critically, and to act upon it decisively for the betterment of our community and our future.
In this article, as a group of medical students, we organized a community service in collaboration with faculty members and hospital authorities. During the service, we provided community counseling regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the proper way to dispose of used medical masks. This topic was brought up out of concern regarding the harm towards the environment and human health that could be caused by infectious waste. There are many methods, whether upstream or downstream, that should be considered to countermeasure the adverse effects of infectious waste. From this real-life situation, we were required to think holistically and to act based on public health principles through community education. We had a heartwarming experience as we were able to converse with and to receive the point of views of the local people. The news of our action was spread through social media and we were then invited to convey our moral messages at a local radio station. We also uploaded an original animated video to YouTube, which may help with the understanding of the younger portion of our community. Lastly, medical students are not meant to be impractical intellectuals, but they should able to understand theoretical knowledge holistically, to process real-life issues critically, and to act upon it decisively for the betterment of our community and our future!
The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Dr. I Dewa Made Sukrama, M.Si, Sp.MK(K), the director of Udayana University Academic Hospital.
The Authors have no funding, financial relationships or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Conceptualization, R.C.S. and I.K.H.A; Writing – Original Draft R.C.S; Writing – Review & Editing, R.C.S, I.K.H.A, C.A.W.P; Visualization D.J, D.A.F.P.S, J, G.V.P; Supervision, C.A.W.P, I.K.D.H, N.M.S; Funding Acquisition, I.K.H.A, C.A.W.P, I.K.D.H, N.M.S, J, P.K.W, I.G.P.W.
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Richard Christian Suteja, 1 Fourth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
I Komang Hotra Adiputra, 1 Fourth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi, 2 MD. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia / Udayana University Academic Hospital, Badung, Indonesia.
Kadek Diana Harmayani, 3 MD, Ph.D. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia / Udayana University Academic Hospital, Badung, Indonesia.
Ni Made Susilawathi, 4 Ph.D. Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia.
Jerry, 1 Fourth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Putu Kintan Wulandari, 1 Fourth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
I Gede Purna Weisnawa, 5 Fifth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Giovanca Verentzia Purnama, 1 Fourth-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Darren Junior, 6 Third-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Dewa Ayu Fony Prema Shanti, 6 Third-year Medical Student. Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
About the Author: Richard and Hotra are currently fourth-year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Indonesia, in a 5 and a half year long program.
Correspondence: Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi. Address: 86G9+HCW, Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Dangin Puri Klod, Kec. Denpasar Bar., Kota Denpasar, Bali 80232, Indonesia. Email: purnamasidhi@unud.ac.id
Editor: Francisco J. Bonilla-Escobar; Student Editors: Johnmark Boachie & Joseph Tonge; Copyeditor: Leah Komer; Proofreader: Amy Phelan; Layout Editor: Ana Maria Morales; Process: Peer-reviewed
Cite as Suteja RC, Adiputra IKH, Purnamasidhi CAW, Harmayani KD, Susilawathi NM, J, et al. Inviting Environmental Awareness Through Small, Sustainable Acts: Medical Students Impacting the Community. Int J Med Stud. 2023 Apr-Jun;11(2):150-3.
Copyright © 2023 Richard Christian Suteja, I Komang Hotra Adiputra, Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi, Kadek Diana Harmayani, Ni Made Susilawathi, Jerry, Putu Kintan Wulandari, I Gede Purna Weisnawa, Giovanca Verentzia Purnama, Darren Junior, Dewa Ayu Fony Prema Shanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Medical Students, VOLUME 11, NUMBER 2, June 2023